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Preface

Acknowledgements

 

1. Introduction

1.1. Introduction

 

2.  Anthropometry

2.1. Introduction

2.1. Instruments

 

3.  Osteology

3.1. Introduction

3.2. TYPES OF BONE

3.3. CHARACTERISTICS OF BONE

3.4. NAME OF BONE

3.4.1. Axial Skeleton 3.4.1.1. Skull 3.4.1.2. Vertebrae 3.4.1.3. Sternum 3.4.1.4. Ribs 3.4.2. Appendicular   Skeleton 3.4.2.1. Upper Limbs 3.4.2.2. Lower Limbs

3.5. DETERMINATION OF SEX 3.6.TABLE OF BONES

 

4.  Osteometry

4.1. Sternum

4.1.1. Measurements 4.1.2. Indices

4.2. Ribs

4.2.1. Measurements 4.2.2. Indices

4.3. Thorax as a Whole

4.3.1. Measurements 4.3.2. Index

4.4. Vertebrae

4.4.1 Measurements 4.4.2. Angle 4.4.3. Indices

4.5. Clavicle

4.5.1. Measurements 4.5.2. Angles 4.5.3. Indices

4.6. Scapula

4.6.1. Measurements 4.6.2. Angles 4.6.3. Indices

4.7. Humerus

4.7.1. Measurements 4.7.2. Angles 4.7.3. Indices

4.8. Radius

4.8.1. Measurements 4.8.2. Angles 4.8.3. Indices

4.9. Ulna

4.9.1. Measurements 4.9.2. Angles 4.9.3. Indices

4.10. Hand

4.10.1. Measurements

4.10-A. Navicular or Scaphoid Bone 4.10-A (1) Measurements 4.10-A (2) Indices 4.10-B. Lunate Bone 4.10-B (1) Measurements 4.10-B (2) Angles 4.10-B (3) Indices 4.10-C. Triquetral Bone  4.10-C (1) Measurements 4.10-C (2) Indices 4.10-D. Pisiform Bone 4.10-D (1) Measurements 4.10-D (2) Indices  4.10-E. Trapezium Bone 4.10-E (1) Measurements 4.10-E (2) Indices 4.10-F. Trapezoid Bone 4.10-F (1) Measurements 4.10-F (2) Indices 4.10-G. Capitate Bone 4.10-G (1) Measurements 4.10-G (2) Indices 4.10-H. Hamate Bone 4.10-H (1) Measurements 4.10-H (2) Angle 4.10-H (3) Indices

4.11. Pelvis

4.11.1. Measurements 4.11.2. Angles 4.11.3. Indices

4.12. Sacrum

4.12.1. Measurements 4.12.2. Angles 4.12.3. Indices

4.13. Femur

4.13.1. Measurements 4.13.2. Angles 4.13.3. Indices

4.14. PATELLA

4.14.1. Measurements 4.14.2. Angles

4.15. Tibia

4.15.1. Measurements 4.15.2. Angles 4.15.3. Indices

4.16. Fibula

4.16.1. Measurements 4.16.2. Angles 4.16.3. Indices

4.17. Foot as a Whole

4.17-A. Tarsus 4.17-A(1) Measurements 4.17-A(2) Indices 4.17-B. Talus Bone 4.17-B (1) Measurements 4.17-B (2) Angles 4.17-B (3) Indices 4.17-C. Calcaneous Bone 4.17-C (1) Measurements 4.17-C (2) Angles 4.17-C (3) Indices 4.17-D. Navicular Bone 4.17-D (1) Measurements 4.17-D (2) Indices 4.17-E. Cuneiform Medial I Bone 4.17-E (1) Measurements 4.17-E (2) Indices 4.17-F. Cuneiform Intermedium II and Cuneiform Laterale III Bone 4.17-F (1) Measurement 4.17-F (2) Indices 4.17-G. Cuboid Bone 4.17-G (1) Measurements 4.17-G (2) Indices 4.17-H. Metratarsus 4.17-H (1) Measurements 4.17-H (2) Angles 4.17-H (3) Indices 4.17-I. Phalanges 4.17-I  (1) Measurements 4.17-I  (2) Indices

4.18. Proportion Indices

4.19. Osteometry of the Post-Cranial Skeleton

4.20. Estimation of Stature from Bones OF UPPER and Lower Extremities 4.21. A Method for Studying the Skeleton of Human Foetuses

 

5.  craniometry

5.1. Introduction

5.2. Determination of Sex and Age of Skull

5.3. Ageing of Skull

5.4. Craniometry Terms

5.5. Craniometric Landmarks

5.6. Craniometric Measurements

5.6.1. Length Measurements on  Neurocranium (Brain Cavity) 5.6.2. Breadth Measurements on Neurocranium (Brain Cavity) 5.6.3. Height Measurements on Neurocranium (Brain Cavity) 5.6.4. Circumference, Measurements Arcs and Chords on Neurocramium (Brain Cavity) 5.6.5.  Length Measurements on Splanchonocranium (Face) 5.6.6.  Breadth Measurements on Splanchonocranium (Face) 5.6.7.  Height Measurements on Splanchonorcanium (Face) 5.6.8.  Measurements on Orbit and Inter-orbital Region 5.6.9.  Measurements of Nasal Region 5.6.10. Measurements on Upper Jaw and Palate 5.6.11. Measurements on Lower Jaw or Mandible 5.6.12. Angles on the Face of the Skull 5.6.13. Angles of the Cranium 5.6.14. Volume and Weight of Skull

5.7. Craniometric Indices

5.8. Craniographic Techniques

5.8.1. Drawing of Curves 5.8.1.1. Sagittal Curves 5.8.1.2. Frontal Curves 5.8.1.3. Horizontal Curves 5.8.2. Measurements on Craniographs

5.9. Cranioscopic Observation

 

6. Somatometry

6.1. Introduction

6.2. Somatometric Techniques

6.3. Ascertainment of Age

6.3.1. Age Grouping

6.4. Somatometric Landmarks

6.5. Somatometric Measurements

6.5.1. Projective Height Measurements of the Body in Standing Position 6.5.2. Measurements of Extremities and Span 6.5.3. Measurements on the Dorsal Side 6.5.4. Projective Height in Sitting Position 6.5.5. Linear Measurements of Frontal Trunk and Neck 6.5.6. Breadth and Depth Measurements of Trunk and Waist 6.5.7. Length and Breadth Measurements of the Upper Extremities 6.5.8.  Length and Breadth Measurements of Lower Extremities 6.5.9.  Girth Measurements of Upper Extremities 6.5.10. Girth Measurements of Lower Extremities 6.5.11. Body Weight and Volume 6.5.12. Skinfold Measurements 6.5.13. Head Measurements - Longitudinal Measurements of Head 6.5.14. Breadth Measurements of Head and Face 6.5.15. Breadth Measurements on Nose and Mouth 6.5.16.Height and Thickness Measurements of Forehead and Face 6.5.17. Height and Thickness Measurements of the Mouth and Chin Region 6.5.18. Measurements on Ear 6.5.19. Angles on Face 6.5.20. Circumference of Girth and Arc Measurements of Head and Face

6.6. Somatometric Indices

6.6.1. Relative Height-Length Proportions 6.6.2. Vertical Horizontal Relationship 6.6.3. Comparisons of Extremities with Each Other 6.6.4. Relative Proportions of  Breadths, Thickness and Girths 6.6.5. Height-Weight Indices 6.6.6. Robusticity-Indices 6.6.7. Skinfold Thickness and Weight Indices and Relative Skinfold Thickness 6.6.8. Indices of Head and Relationship of Head and Face 6.6.9. Main Proportions of Face 6.6.10. Indices of the Eye-Nose Region 6.6.11. Indices of Ear 6.6.12. Indices of the Mouth-Chin Region 6.6.13. Skinfold Thickness and Weight Indices

 6.7. Nomograms

6.8. Somatoscopic Techniques

6.8.1. Body Postures (Standing) after Brown 6.8.2. Neck 6.8.3. Abdomen 6.8.4. Buttock 6.8.5.  Upper and Lower Extremities with Hand and Foot 6.8.6. Hand 6.8.7. Fingers 6.8.8. Finger Nails 6.8.9. Foot 6.8.10. Toes 6.8.11. Toe Nails 6.8.12. Skin colour 6.8.12.1. Luschan’s Skin Colur Chart 6.8.12.2.Measurements of Skin Colour by Spectrometry 6.8.13. Hair 6.8.13.1. Hair Colour 6.8.13.2. Hair Form 6.8.13.3. Hair Texture 6.8.13.4. Quantity of Hair 6.8.13.5. Hair Whorls 6.8.13.6. Beard and Moustache 6.8.13.7. Mid-Phalangeal Hair 6.8.14. Head 6.8.14.1. Vertex 6.8.14.2. Occiput 6.8.14.3. Total Face 6.8.14.4. Forehead 6.8.14.5. Widow’s Peak 6.8.15. Cheeks 6.8.16. Eyes 6.8.17. Nose 6.8.17.1. Nasal Root 6.8.17.2. Nasal Bridge 6.8.17.3. Tip of Nose 6.8.17.4. Nasal Wings and Alae 6.8.17.5. Nasal Septum 6.8.17.6. Nasal Cavity 6.8.17.7. Surface of Nasal Cavity 6.8.18. Lips 6.8.18.1. Integumental Upper Lip 6.8.18.2. Integumental  Lower Lip 6.8.19. Mouth 6.8.20. Teeth 6.8.21. Lip and Chin Furrow 6.8.21.1. Size 6.8.21.2. Profile of Chin 6.8.21.3. Shape and Size of Chin 6.8.21.4. Tongue 6.8.21.5. Tongue Pigmentation 6.8.21.6. Prognathism 6.8.22. External Ear 6.8.23. Puberty Rating 6.8.23.1. Stages of Axillary and Facial Hair Development 6.8.23.2. Age at Menarche  6.8.24. Genitalia 6.8.24.1. Male Genitalia 6.8.24.2. Female External Genitalia 6.8.24.3. Breasts 6.8.24.4. Buttocks and Lumbar Curvature 6.8.25. The Mongolian or Sacral Spot 6.8.26. Behavioural Traits 6.8.26.1. Hand Clasping 6.8.26.2. Arm Folding 6.8.26.3. Leg Folding 6.8.26.4. Handedness 6.8.26.5. Tongue Rolling 6.8.26.6. Tongue Folding 6.8.26.7. Tongue Curling

6.9. Skeletal Age

 6.9.1. Soft-Tissue Measurements from Radiographs  

 

7. Respiratory functions

7.1. Introduction

7.2. Respiratory Observations

7.3. Instrument

7.3.1. Vital Capacity (VC) or Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) 7.3.2. Expiratory Capacity and Inspiration Capacity 7.3.3. Maximum Breathing Capacity

 

8.  body density                        

8.1. Introduction

8.2. Body Density Estimation

8.2.1. Water Displacement Techniques 8.2.2. Under Water Weighing Technique

8.3. MEASUREMENT EXTREMITY Segment Volumes

8.3.1. Reproducibility 8.4. Indices

 

9. Somatotyping

9.1. Introduction 

9.2. Anthropometric Measurement Technique for Assessing Heath - Carter Somatotype

9.3. Heath - Carter Somatotype Rating Form

9.4. Calculating the Heath Carter Anthropometric Somatotype

9.4.1. Endomorphy Rating 9.4.2. Mesomorphy Rating 9.4.3. Ectomorphy Rating 9.4.4. The Heath Carter Anthropometric Somatotype

9.5. Somatotype Component Calculations

9.6. Specification for Somatotype Categories          

9.6.1. Regions of Somatochart 9.6.2. Technology to Describe Individual Somatotypes 9.6.3. Construction of Somatochart

9.7. Height - Weight Ratio Factor Table

 

10. Psychomotor Tests                   

10.1. Introduction

10.2. Psychomotor Tests

10.2.1. Strength 10.2.1.1. Static Muscular Strength 10.2.1.2. Explosive Muscular Strength 10.2.2.  Speed 10.2.2.1. The Dashes 10.2.3. Agility and Co-ordination 10.2.3.1. Flexibility Test 10.2.3.2. The Walking Balance Test 10.2.3.2.A.The Turning Balance Test 10.2.3.3. The Shuttle Run Test 10.2.3.4. The Co-ordination Test 10.2.4. Persistence (per time) 10.2.5. Endurance Test 10.2.5.1. Step Test 10.2.6. Studies of Functional Asymmetry 10.2.6.1. The Hand-clasping Test 10.2.6.2. The Arm-folding Test 10.2.6.3. The Leg-folding Test 

 

11. Dental anthropology

11.1. Introduction

11.2. Dental Examination

11.2.1 Tooth Types and Formula 11.2.1.1. Teeth Types 11.2.1.2. Tooth Formula 11.2.2. Surface of Teeth 11.2.3. Primary and Permanent Teeth 11.2.4. Dental Observations 11.2.4.1. Number of Primary and Secondary Teeth 11.2.4.2. Numerical Variations 11.2.4.3. Dental Morphology 11.2.4.4. Mutilations 11.2.4.5. Attrition 11.2.4.6. Metric Measurements

11.3. Preparation of Dental Casts

11.3.1. Apparatus and Chemicals 11.3.2. Method of obtaining Dental Impressions

11.4. Dentine Exposure in Human Tooth Attrition

11.4.1. The Dentinal Area 11.4.1.1. The Maxillary Teeth 11.4.1.2. The Mandibular Teeth       

 

12. Diet Survey  

12.1 Introduction

12.1.1. Importance of Diet Survey 12.1.2. Purpose of Diet Surveys 12.1.3. Units of Diet Surveys 12.1.4. Methods of Diet Survey 12.1.5. Organization and Planning of Diet Surveys 12.1.6. Use of Standardised Cups and Certain Foods in Diet Survey

12.2. Nutritional Status

12.2.1. Food Habits 12.2.2. Individual Dietary Intake (Oral Questionnaire) 12.2.2.1. Food Consumption 12.2.2.2. Food Consumption (For Cooked Food) 12.2.2.3. Cooked Food Discarded Appendix

 

13. Dermatoglyphics

13.1. Introduction

13.2. Methods of Recording Dermatoglyphics

13.3. Dermatoglyphic Pattern Configurations

13.4. Principles of Configurational Arrangement

13.5. Dermatoglyphic Landmarks

13.6. Finger Dermatoglyphics

13.6.1. Configurations of Fingers 13.6.2. Direction of Whorls 13.6.3. Finger Ball Tip Prints Indices 13.6.4. Symmetry, Asymmetry and Actual and Chance Frequency 13.6.5. Bimanuar 13.6.6. Pair-Group Rule 13.6.7. Dactylodiagram 13.6.8. Quantitative Value 13.6.8.1. Finger Ridge Count 13.6.9. Genotypes

13.7. Configurations of Middle and Proximal Phalanges

13.8. The Palmar Dermatoglyphics

13.8.1. Configurational Areas 13.8.2. Digital Triradii 13.8.3. Tracing of Main Lines 13.8.4. Scheme of Number for Formulation of Palmar Main Line 13.8.5. Formulatory Symbols in the Presence of Accessory Triradii 13.8.6. Abortive Nature and Polymorphism of C-Line 13.8.7. C-and A-Lines Exist 13.8.7.1. C-Line Exist 13.8.7.2. A-Line Exist 13.8.8. Position of Axial Triradii 13.8.9. Interpretation and Formulation of Palmar Configuration 13.8.9.1. Hypothenar Triradii and Patterns 13.8.9.2. Hypothenar Patterns 13.8.9.3. Thenar and First Interdigital Areas 13.8.9.4. Second, Third and Fourth Interdigital Areas 13.8.10.  Palmar Formula 13.8.11. Modal Types of Lines D and A 13.8.11.1. Three Co-ordinate Graph 13.8.12.  Main Line Index 13.8.12.1. Right-Left Ratio 13.8.12.2. Transversality 13.8.13. Pattern Intensity 13.8.14. Quantitative Ridge Counts 13.8.14.1. Ridge-Counts of the Patterns of the Palms 13.8.14.2. Ridge-Counts on Palm (Interdigital Areas and d-t)

13.9. Plantar Dermatoglyphics

13.9.1. Patterns on Toes 13.9.2. Toe Prints Indices 13.9.3. Toe Ridge Count 13.9.4. The Sole 13.9.5. Configurational Areas 13.9.6. Plantar Triradii 13.9.7. Method for Analysis of Plantar Print 13.9.8. Formulation of Main Lines 13.9.9. Modal Types 13.9.10. Calculation of Main Line Index 13.9.10.1. Transversality 13.9.11. Formulation of Configurational Areas with Pattern 13.9.12. Complete Plantar Formula 13.9.13.  Quantitative Ridge Count 13.9.13.1. Ridge-Counts of Plantar Patterns 13.9.13.2. Ridge-Counts of the Digital Areas of Soles

13.10. Development of Dermal Ridges in the Foetus

13.10.1. Method 13.10.2.  Structure of Dermal Surface and Terminology

13.11. Dermatoglyphic Topology

13.11.1. Topological Classification of Finger-Tip Dermatoglyphics 13.11.2. Topological Description of Palmar and Plantar Dermatoglyphics 13.11.3. Topological Classification of Palmar  Dermatoglyphics 13.11.3.1.  Loops 13.11.3.1.  General Principles 13.11.3.2. Triradii 13.11.3.3. Writing of Formula 13.11.3.4. Instructions for Classifying  Patterns on the Palm 13.11.3.5. Hypothenar Area 13.11.4. Topological Classification of Plantar Dermatoglyphics 13.11.4.1. Loops 13.11.4.2. Triradii 13.11.4.3. Writing the Formula 13.11.4.4. Instructions for Classifying Patterns on the Distal Half of the Sole 13.11.4.5. Instructions for Classifying Patterns on the Proximal Sole 13.11.5.  Dermatoglyphic Dictionary

13.12. Flexion Creases

13.12.1. Hand Flexion Creases 13.12.1.1. Digital Creases 13.12.1.2. Palm Flexion Creases 13.12.2. Plantar Flexion Creases

13.13. Forensic Application

13.13.1. Finger Prints 13.13.1.1. Classification 13.13.1.2. Method of Arrangements of Finger Prints Cards for Record 13.13.1.3. Other Systems of Classification 13.13.1.4. Latent Finger Print 13.13.1.5. Comparison of Finger-print Impression 13.13.2. Middle Phalangen Impression 13.13.2.1. Classification 13.13.3. Palm Prints 13.13.3.1. Classification 13.13.4. Sole Print 13.13.4.1. Classification

 

14. anthropo-demography           

14.1. Introduction

14.2. Schedule

14.2.1. Identification 14.2.2. Type of Residence/Housing 14.2.3.  Preliminary Information       14.2.4.  Genealogy 14.2.5.  Principal Source of Income of the Household 14.2.6.  Fertility Behaviour 14.2.6.1. Reproductive Cycle and Nuptiality Behaviour 14.2.6.2. Reproductive History 14.2.6.3. Safe Motherhood 14.2.6.4. Information Regarding Children Born Alive 14.2.6.5. Lactation and Post-Partum 14.2.6.6. Choosing Sex of the Child/Preference for a Particular Sex of the Child 14.2.7.  Mortality 14.2.7.1. Mortalities (Including Mortality Cases of Accidents/ Death/Suicides etc.) 14.2.7.2. Abortions/Miscarriages 14.2.7.3. Still Births 14.2.8. Family Planning

14.3. Population Study:  Measures

14.3.1. Measures of Sex Composition 14.3.2. Measures of Age Composition 14.3.3. Measures of Economic Activity 14.3.4. Measures of Educational Characteristics 14.3.5. Measures of Population Distribution 14.3.6. Measures of Growth of Population 14.3.7. Measures of Mortality 14.3.8. Measures of Fertility 14.3.9. Measures of Nuptiality 14.3.10. Measures of Migration 14.3.11. Methods of Population Estimation and Projection 14.3.12. Demographic Models

 

15. statistical methods

15.1. Introduction

15.2. Measures of Central Tendency

15.3. Measures of Dispersion

15.4. Correlation and Regression

15.5. Tests of Significance

15.6. Collection of Data

15.7. Compilation and Presentation of Statistical Data

15.7.1. Tables 15.7.2. Graphs 15.7.3. Z  Charts and Lorenz Curves 15.7.4. Diagrams

15.8. Graphing Frequency Distributions

15.9. Skewness

15.10. Phrases to Describe Correlation

 

Glossary

Bibliography

Appendix  

Index

 

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